Reporting Category 1

Reporting Category 1: Emergence of a Global Age

This reporting category covers the following topics:

This section will have a total of 10 questions.

RENAISSANCE

Contributrions

Accomplishments in the visual arts: Michelangelo, Leondardo da Vinci
Accomplishments in literature (sonnets, plays, essays): Shakespeare, Erasmus, Sir Thomas More

TRADE

Traditional trade patterns linked Europe with Asia and Africa
Silk Routes across the Indian Ocean
Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa
Northern European links with the Black Sea
Western European sea and river trade
Trade patterns exchanged products and ideas
- Paper, compass, silk, porcelain from China
- Textiles, numeral system from India and Middle East
- Scientific knowledge like medicine, astronomy, and math

REFORMATION

Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome

• German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.

• The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.

• Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition)

• Views: Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God

John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition)

• Views: Predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic

King Henry VIII

• Views: Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome

• Actions: Divorced; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England

Queen Elizabeth I

• Anglican Church

• Tolerance for dissenters

• Expansion and colonialism

• Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588)

Reformation in Germany

• Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending the authority of the Pope in their states.

• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.

• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).

Reformation in France

• Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).

• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict

Catholic Reformation

• Counter-Reformation:

– The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices.

– The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.

– The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

Changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies

• Growth of secularism

• Growth of individualism

• Eventual growth of religious tolerance

Role of the printing press

• Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press.

• The Bible was printed in English, French, and German.

• These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance